The Rampancy of Multiple- Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Surface Water of Satow Waterfall, Bau Sarawak

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is universally acknowledged as a serious threat to human health, well-being, and prosperity. Many therapeutically important antibiotic genes are thought have arisen in the environment. Antibiotics no longer effective treating infections caused by multi-and pan-resistant bacteria (dubbed "superbugs") that spread rapidly around world [1]. Furthermore, AMR antimicrobial resistant can thrive proliferate natural waterbodies because they act both recipients reservoirs for genes. Toxic exposure ARGs puts recreationists danger, reducing their ability combat illnesses.
 
 Considering Satow Waterfall, Bau renowned water-based recreational destination, an assessment of physiochemical water quality characteristics prevalence was conducted corroborate safety water. A total nine samples were collected at surface (0–30 cm depth) upstream, midstream, downstream. The index (WQI) sampling stations ranged from 92.60 95, classifying under Class I. However, microbiologically polluted. During Trip 2, highest level coliform found middle stream 2.59x105 cfu/mL, which above regulatory standard set Malaysian Department Environment (DOE).
 100 isolated subjected (GTG)5- genomic fingerprinting analysis evaluate degree genetic similarity among thus enable selection appropriate clonal representatives. Fifty-four bacterial isolates chosen representatives identified 16SrDNA sequencing, confirmed existence 21 genera shown Figure 1. All tested against 15 antibiotics various classes, namely, streptomycin (S), Kanamycin (K), cefotaxime (CTX), cephalothin (KF), tetracycline (TE), doxycycline (DO), carbenicillin (CAR), sulfamethoxazole (SXT), ofloxacin (OFX), levofloxacin (LEV), erythromycin (E), meropenem (MEM), ertapenem (ETP), vancomycin (VA) chloramphenicol (C) employing Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols.
 susceptibility test (AST) demonstrated substantial SXT (41%), E (41%) CAR (39%), well high C (85%), followed LEV (78%) OFX (72%). Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) evaluation MARI varied 0–0.60, with 33% having greater than 0.20 (Figure 1). In this study, we occurrence MAR environment where there's undisclosed source utilisation still inevitable, highlighting necessity constantly monitor pervasiveness